Тикозные расстройства у детей как полиэтиологическая нозология
https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2024-740
Аннотация
Тикозные расстройства (ТР) занимают одно из ведущих мест среди неврологических заболеваний детского возраста. В последнее время педагоги, медицинские психологи, социальные работники и врачи-психиатры все чаще сталкиваются с проблемой тикозных расстройств у детей, определяя их как состояния нервного развития, характеризующиеся наличием тиков и связанных с ними поведенческих проблем. Современная неврология, психиатрия и медицинская психология нуждаются в актуализации как терапевтического, так и диагностического аспекта тикозных расстройств. В данной статье представлен обзор современной литературы по проблеме тикозных расстройств у детей, а также методов их коррекции. Анализ литературы актуализирует полимодальный подход, учитывая возможные этиологические предикаты развития заболевания.
Ключевые слова
Об авторах
А. Н. Султанова
Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет
Россия
Россия
Султанова Аклима Накиповна – д.м.н, профессор кафедры психиатрии, наркологии, психотерапии и клинической психологии
Новосибирск
В. А. Луговенко
Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет
Россия
Россия
Луговенко Вероника Алексеевна - преподаватель кафедры психиатрии, наркологии, психотерапии и клинической психологии
Новосибирск
Список литературы
1. Абрамова Г.С. Практикум по психологическому консультированию.2020. Abramova G.S. Praktikum po psihologicheskome konsultirovaniu. 2020. (in Russ.).
2. Агранович З.Е., Алексеева А.М. Школьная дезадаптация пациентов с синдромом Жиля Де Ла Туретта. Forcipe. 2022;5:2:31-32. Agranovich ZE, Alekseeva AM. School exclusion of patients with Gilles De La Tourette syndrome. Forcipe. 2022;5:31-32. (in Russ.).
3. Азимова Н.М., Ачилова К.Т. Тикозные гиперкинезы у детей, и их коморбидность. Вестник Казахского Национального медицинского университета. 2016;2:178-182. Azimova NM, Achiloa KT. Tic hyperkinesia in children, and their comorbidity. Vestnik Kazakhskogo Nacionalnogo medicinskogo universiteta. 2016;2:178-182. (in Russ.).
4. Бокижанова Г.К., Валитова Н.В. Музыкотерапия, как метод регуляции эмоциональной-волевой сферы дошкольников. Актуальные проблемы современности. 2021;2(32):90-93. Bokizhanova GK, Valitova NV. Music therapy, as a method of emotional-volunteing of ecologicalvolunteers. Aktualnye problemy sovremennosti. 2021;2(32):90-92. (in Russ.).
5. Заваденко Н.Н. Синдром дефицита внимания с гиперактивностью: диагностика, патогенез, принципы лечения. Вопросы практической педиатрии. 2012;1(8):54-62. Zavadenko NN. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis, pathogenesis, principles of treatment. Voprosy prakticheskoq pediatrii. 2021;1(8):54-62. (in Russ.).
6. Зыков В.П. Тики и синдром Туретта у детей. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2020;120(5):116-124. Zykov VP. Tics and Tourette’s syndrome in children. Zhurnal nevrologii I psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(5):116-124. (in Russ.)
7. Гасанов Р.Ф., Макаров И.В., Емелина Д.А., Скоромец А.А., Скоромец Т.А. Сочетание тикозных расстройств и комбинированного типа синдрома дефицита внимания: особенности специфического когнитивного дефицита. Российский неврологический журнал. 2020;25(4):22-30. Gasanov RF, Makarov IV, Emelina DA, Skoromec AA, Skoromec TA. Coexistence of Tic Disorders and Combined Type of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Features of Specific Cognitive Deficit. Rossiskii nevrologicheskii jurnal. 2020;25(4):22- 30. (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30629/2658-7947-2020-25-4-22-30
8. Гасанов Р.Ф., Макаров И.В., Емелина Д.А. Состояние активности моноаминов у детей с тикозными гиперкинезами и комбинированным типом синдрома дефицита внимания. Психиатрия. 2021;19(2):46-54. Gasanov RF, Makarov IV. The State of Monoamine Activity in Children with Tyc Hyperkinesis and the Combined Type of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Psihiatriya. 2021;19(2):46- 54. (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30629/2618-6667-2021-19-2-46-54
9. Albin RL. Tourette syndrome: a disorder of the social decision-making network. Brain. 2017;141(2):332- 347. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx204
10. Andrén P, Aspvall K, Fernández de la Cruz L, la CLFde, et al. Therapist-guided and parent-guided internet-delivered behaviour therapy for paediatric tourette’s disorder: a pilot randomised controlled trial with long-term follow-up. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e024685.
11. Andrén P, Jakubovski E, Murphy TL, et al. European clinical guidelines for tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part II: psychological interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;31:403-423.
12. Morer А, Lazaro L, Sabater L, Massana J, Castro J, Graus F. Antineuronal antibodies in a group of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res.2008;42:64-68.
13. Astaulov ND, Artemieva MS, Shumeyko DE. Psychophysiology and psychopharmacology of aggression. Bulletin of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery. 2021;12:968-972.
14. Atkinson-Clement C, Porte CA, de Liege A, Wattiez N, Klein Y, Berang [1] er B, Valabregue R, Sofia F, Hartmann A, Pouget P, Worbe Y. Cortex. Neural correlates and role of medication in reactive motor impulsivity in Tourette disorder. 2019;125:60-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.12.007
15. Bailey, Michael David. Battling demons: witchcraft, heresy, and reform in the late middle Ages. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2003.
16. Blount TH, Raj JJ, Peterson AL. Intensive outpatient comprehensive behavioral intervention fortics: a clinical replication series. Cogn Behav Pract. 2018;25:156-167.
17. Chaim H., Cara V., van de Griendt J., Beljaars L., Kan K.-J., Lindauer R., Cath D., Hoekstra P., Utens L. Effectiveness of ‘Tackle Your Tics’, a brief, intensive group-based exposure therapy programme for children with tic disorders: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. 2022.
18. Charania SN, Danielson M, Bitsko R, et al. 2.51 Bullying victimization and perpetration among children with tourette’s disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;58:S187.
19. Charania SN, Danielson M, Bitsko R, et al. 2.51 Bullying victimization and perpetration among children with tourette’s disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;58:S187.
20. Choi S, Lee H, Song DH, Cheon KA. PopulationBased Epidemiology of Pediatric Patients with Treated Tic Disorders from Real-World Evidence in Korea. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019;29(10):764-772. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2019.0050
21. Clinical factors associated with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections/TK Murphy, EA Storch, AB Lewin, MD Eric. J Pediatr. 2012;160:314-319.
22. Conelea CA, Woods DW, Zinner SH, et al. The impact of tourette syndrome in adults: results from the tourette syndrome impact survey. Community Ment Health J. 2013;49:110-120.
23. Conte G, Valente F, Fioriello F, et al. Rage attacks in Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;119:21-36.
24. Conte G, Valente F, Fioriello F, et al. Rage attacks in Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;119:21-36.
25. Cooper C, Robertson MM, Livingston G. Psychological morbidity and caregiver burden in parents of children with tourette’s disorder and psychiatric comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:1370-1375.
26. Cuenca J, Glazebrook C, Kendall T, Hedderly T, Heyman I, Jackson G, Murphy T, Rickards H, Robertson M, Stern ., Trayner P, HollisCuenca C. et al. Perceptions of treatment for tics among young people with Tourette syndrome and their parents: a mixed methods study. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0430-0.
27. Cutler D, Murphy T, Gilmour J, et al. The quality of life of young people with tourette syndrome. Child Care Health Dev. 2009;35:496-504.
28. Dabrowski J, King J, Edwards K, et al. The long-term effects of group-based psychological interventions for children with tourette syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Ther 2018;49:331-343.
29. Danielle CC, Hedderly Т, Ludolph AJ et al. European clinical guidelines for Tourette Syndrome and other tic disorders. Part I: assessment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011; 20:155-171.
30. Dell’Osso B, Marazziti D, Albert U, Pallanti S. Parsing the phenotype of obsessivecompulsive tic disorder (OCTD): a multidisciplinary consensus. Int J Psychiatry ClinPract. 2017;21(2):156- 159.
31. Delouse B, Marazziti D, Albert U, Pallanti S. Parsing the phenotype of obsessive compulsive tic disorder (OCTD): a multidisciplinary consensus. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2017;21(2):156-159.
32. Depienne C, Ciura S, Trouillard O, Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (NY). 2019;9. https://doi.org/10.7916/tohm.v0.693
33. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSMV). American Psychiatric Association. Washington. 2013.
34. Essoe JK-Y, Ricketts EJ, Ramsey KA, et al. Homework adherence predicts therapeutic improvement from behavior therapy in Tourette’s disorder. Behav Res Ther. 202;140:103844.
35. Essoe JK-Y, Ricketts EJ, Ramsey KA, et al. Homework adherence predicts therapeutic improvement from behavior therapy in Tourette’s disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2021;140:103844.
36. European Tourette syndrome research survey. 2017;18. Available: https://www.tourettes-action.org.uk/news-294-european-tourettesyndrome-research-survey-2017-18.html [Accessed 28.09.2022].
37. Farhan A, Singer HS. Merging the Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Tics. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (NY). 2019;8:595. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8H14JTX
38. Fitzgerald PJ, Seemann JR, Maren S. Can fear extinction be enhanced? A review of pharmacological and behavioral findings. Brain Res Bull. 2014;105:46-60.
39. Fournier A, Gauthier B, Guay M.C, Parent V. Design Fluency in Children with ADHD and Comorbid Disorders. Brain Sci. 2020;10(3):172. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030172.
40. George SA, Rodriguez-Santiago M, Riley J, Abelson JL, Floresco SB, Liberzon I. Dcycloserine facilitates reversal in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behav Brain Res. 2018;347:332-338.
41. Groth C. Course of Tourette syndrome and comorbidities in a large prospective clinical study. J. Am. Acad. of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2017;56(4):304-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j/jaac/2017.01.010.
42. Guire JF, Arnold E, Park JM, et al. Living with tics: reduced impairment and improved quality of life for youth with chronic tic disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2015;225:571-579.
43. Heijerman-Holtgrefe AP, Verdellen CWJ, van de Griendt JMTM, et al. Tackle your tics: pilot findings of a brief, intensive group-based exposure therapy program for children with tic disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021;30:461-473.
44. Hendriks L, de Kleine RA, Heyvaert M, et al. Intensive prolonged exposure treatment for adolescent complex posttraumatic stress disorder: a single-trial design. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58:1229-1238.
45. Hienert M, Gryglewski G, Stamenkovic M, Kasper S, Lanzenberge R. Striatal dopaminergic alterations in Tourette’s syndrome: a meta-analysis based on 16 PET and SPECT neuroimaging studies. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:143. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0202.
46. Hirschtritt ME, Lee PC, Pauls DL, et al. Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in tourette syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:325-331
47. Khanenko N, Svyrydova N. Hyperkinesis: pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment (clinical lecture) / N Khanenko, N Svyrydova, G Chuprina, T Parnikosa, R Sulik, V Sereda, Т Cherednichenko, V Svystun. — East European Journal of Neurology. 2018;3(21):13-18.
48. Kraft JT, Dalsgaard S, Obel C, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of tic disorders in a community sample of school-age children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21:5-13.
49. Lemmon ME, Grados M, Kline T, Thompson CB, Ali SF, Singer HS. Efficacy of glutamate modulators in tic suppression: a double blind, randomized control trial of D-serine and riluzole in Tourette syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2015; 52: 629-34.
50. Lereya S, Copeland WE, Zammit S, Wolke D. Bully/victims: A longitudinal, population-based cohort study of their mental health // European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2015;24:1461-1471.
51. Levine JLS, Szejko N, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: Adulthood prevalence of Tourette syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;95:109675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109675
52. Liu S, Tian M, He F, Li J, Xie H, Liu W Mutations in ASH1L confer susceptibility to Tourette syndrome. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(2):476-490. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0560-8
53. Long H, Ruan J, Zhang M, Wang C, Huang Y. Rhynchophylline Attenuates Tourette Syndrome via BDNF/NF-κB Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro. Neu[1]rotox Res. 2019;36(4):756-763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-019-00079-x24.
54. Lowe TL, Capriotti MR, McBurnett K. Long-term follow-up of Patients with Tourette’s syndrome. Movement Dis. Clin. Pract. 2018;6 (1):40-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12696.
55. Luo Y, Weibman D, Halperin J.M., Li X. A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Front Hum. Neurosci. 2019;13:42. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00042.
56. Ma I, Holstein MV, Mies G, Mennes M, Scheres A. Ventral striatal hyperconnectivity during rewarded interference control in adolescents with ADHD. Cortex. 2016;82:225-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.05.021.
57. Malli MA, Forrester-Jones R, Murphy G. Stigma in youth with tourette’s syndrome: a systematic review and synthesis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;25:127-139.
58. Marcin J. What causes different types of tic disorders? MedicalNewsToday. [medicalnewstoday.com]. Medicalnewstoday;2017. Available: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317950
59. Martino D et al. Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders: the clinical spectrum beyond tics. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2017;134:1461-1490.
60. Martino D, Ganos C, Pringsheim TM. Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorders: The Clinical Spectrum Beyond Tics. Int Rev Neurobiol.2017;134:1461-1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.006
61. Martino D, Ganos C, Worbe Y. Neuroimaging Applications in Tourette’s Syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2018;143:65-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2018.09.008
62. McGuire JF, McBride N, Piacentini J, Johnco C, Lewin AB, Murphy TK, et al. The premonitory urge revisited an individualized premonitory urge for tics scale. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;83:176-183.
63. McGuire JF, Piacentini J, Lewin AB, Brennan EA, Murphy TK, Storch EA. A metaanalysis of cognitive behavior therapy and medication for child obsessive–compulsive disorder: moderators of treatment efficacy, response, and remission. Depress Anxiety.2015;32:580-93.
64. Modafferi S, Stornelli M, Chiarotti F. et al. Sleep, anxiety and psychiatric symptoms in children with Tourette syndrome and tic disorders // Eur J Paediatr Neurol.2016;20(5):696-703.
65. Morello F, Voikar V, Parkkinen P, Panhelainen A, Rosenholm M, Makkonen A, Rantamäki T, Piepponen P, Aitta-Aho T, Partanen J. ADHD-like behaviors caused by inactivation of a transcription factor controlling the balance of inhibitory and excitatory neuron development in the mouse anterior brainstem. Transl. Psychiatry. 2020;10(1):357. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01033-8
66. Nelson L. Understanding The Background Of Tics — Is Anxiety Involved? [healthmatch.io]. HealthMatch; 2022. Available: https://healthmatch.io/anxiety/what-are-anxiety-tics
67. Nigg G.T. What causes ADHD? GT Nigg. New York, London: The Guilford Press. 2006.
68. Nissen JB, Kaergaard M, Laursen L, et al. Combined habit reversal training and exposure response prevention in a group setting compared to individual training: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28:5-68.
69. Oluwabusi OO, Paul S, Ambrosini PJ. Tourette syndrome associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The impact of tics and psychopharmacological treatment options. World J. Clin. Pediatr. 2016;5(1):128-135. https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v5.i1.128.
70. Openneer TJC et al. Executive function in children with Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: cross-disorder or unique impairments? Cortex.2020;124:176-87.
71. Öst L-G, Ollendick TH, Brief OTH. Brief, intensive and concentrated cognitive behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2017;97:134-145.
72. Pennington BF. Diagnosing Learning Disorders. BF Pennington. A Neuropsychological Framework. New York, London. 2009.
73. Pérez-Vigil A, Fernández de la Cruz L, Brander G, et al. Association of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders with objective indicators of educational attainment: a population-based sibling comparison study. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75:1098-1105.
74. Pringsheim T, Holler-Managan Y, Okun M.S., Jankovic J, Piacentini J, Cavanna A.E., Martino D, Müller-Vahl K, Woods D.W., Robinson M, Jarvie E, Roessner V, Oskoui M. Comprehensive systematic review summary: Treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019;92(19):907-915. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007467.
75. Pringsheim T, Holler-Managan Y, Okun MS, Jankovic J, Piacentini J, Cavanna AE, et al. Comprehensive systematic review summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019;92:907-915.
76. Pringsheim T. Tic severity and treatment in children: the effect of comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive compulsive behaviors. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2017;48:960-966.
77. Rachamim L, Zimmerman-Brenner S, Rachamim O, et al. Internetbased guided self-help comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (ICBIT) for youth with tic disorders: a feasibility and effectiveness study with 6 month-follow-up. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;31:275-287.
78. Rae CL, Polyanska L, Gould van Praag CD, Parkinson J, Bouyagoub S, Nagai Y, Seth AK, Harrison NA, Garfinkel SN, Critchley HD. Face perception enhances insula and motor network reactivity in Tourette syndrome. Brain. 2018;141(11):3249-3261. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy254
79. Ramkiran S, Heidemeyer L, Gaebler A, Shah NJ, Neuner I. Alterations in basal ganglia-cerebellothalamo-cortical connectivity and whole brain functional network topology in Tourette’s syndrome. Neuroimage Clin. 2019;24:101998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101998
80. Robertson MM. Gill de la Tourette syndrome: the complexities of phenotype and treatment // Br. J Hosp Med (Lond). 2011;72(2):100-107.
81. Rosenfield D, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG, Mataix-Cols D, de la Cruz LF, Andersson E, et al. Changes in dosing and dose timing of D-cycloserine explain Its apparent declining efficacy for augmenting exposure therapy for anxiety-related disorders: an individual participant-data meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2019; 68:102-149.
82. Rudić T. Domestic violence sombor, republic of Serbia Society. Environment. Development. 2021;3 (60):31-36.
83. Saad JF, Griffiths KR, Korgaonkar MS. A Systematic Review of Imaging Studies in the Combined and Inattentive Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Integr. Neurosci. 2020;14:31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2020.00031
84. Schüller T, Fischer AG, Gruendler TOJ, Baldermann JC, Huys D, Ullsperger M, Kuhn J. Decreased transfer of value to action in Tourette syndrome. Cortex. 2020;126:39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019;12:027.
85. Silvestri PR, Chiarotti F, Baglioni V et al. Healthrelated quality of life in patientswith Gilles de la Tourette syndrome at the transition between adolescence and adultho[1]od // Neurol Sci. 2016;37(11):1857-1860.
86. Smith PK, Robinson S, Marchi B. Cross-national data on victims of bullying: What is really being measured? International Journal of Developmental Science. 2016;10:9-19.
87. Storch EA, Wilhelm S, Sprich S, Henin A, Micco J, Small BJ, et al. Efficacy of augmentation of cognitive behavior therapy with weight-adjusted Dcycloserine vs placebo in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73:779-788.
88. Sukhodolsky DG, Woods DW, Piacentini J, Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Katsovich L, Dziura J, Walkup JT, Scahill L. Moderators and predictors of response to behavior therapy for tics in Tourette syndrome // Neurology. 2017;88:1029-1036.
89. Surén P, Bakken IJ, Skurtveit S, Handal M, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Stotenberg C, Nøstvik LI, Weidle B. Tidsskr Tourette syndrome. 2019;139(17). https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.19.0411
90. Swedo SE, Leckman JF, Rose NR. From research subgroup to clinical syndrome: Modifying the PANDAS criteria to PANS (pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome). Pediatr Therapeut.2012;2:2-8.
91. Tanvi S, Jacubovski E, Muller-Vahl KR. New insights into clinical characteristics of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Findings in 1032 patients from a Single German Center. Front. Neurosci. 2016;10:415. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00415.
Рецензия
Для цитирования:
Султанова А.Н., Луговенко В.А. Тикозные расстройства у детей как полиэтиологическая нозология. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М.Бехтерева. 2024;58(1):56-65. https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2024-740
For citation:
Sultanova A.N., Lugovenko V.A. Tic disorders in children as polyethological nosology. V.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY. 2024;58(1):56-65. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2024-740
Просмотров: 496
Послать статью по эл. почте 